How Food is Viewed in the American Culture Essay - 1826 Words

Most people wouldn’t deny that food is vital to everyday life, but perhaps it has more importance than just simply nourishing our bodies. According to Carole M. Counihan, a doctor of anthropology, food is so important that society has constructed rules regarding its consumption. Counihan emphasizes in her 1992 Anthropology Quarterly article, â€Å"Food Rules in the United States: Individualism, Control and Hierarchy,† that these rules serve as the â€Å"means through which human beings construct reality† (Counihan, 1992, p. 55). Counihan advocates for the importance of studying food rules by explaining that knowledge about how food is viewed in our culture can do three things: improve understanding of other culture’s food rules, allow nutrition†¦show more content†¦These rules stem from our desire to be recognized as an individual and to maintain self control, which is evidenced by thinness. Both individualism and self-control are highly valued an d applauded in our culture. Counihan puts it best when she explains that â€Å"self- control is the ability to deny appetite, suffer hunger, and deny themselves they like but believe fattening. Individual choice involves determining for themselves what foods are acceptable and consuming or abstaining from them when they wish† (1993, p.55). Consequently, the quest for individualism and self-control perpetuates our current system of organization: a social hierarchy. Basically, a hierarchy is a system of ranks given to parts of a category that denotes worth relative to other parts of the category, and are notorious for being used a justification for discrimination. The three main categories of discrimination mentioned in Counihan’s article are classism, sexism, and racism. Classism is discrimination against a person due to their social class. Maintaining standards of thinness perpetuates this type of discrimination. Counihan comes right out and explains how: â€Å"The higher one’s class, the thinner one is likely to be† (1992, p. 60). Now, consider how thinness is equatedShow MoreRelatedOverview of the Arab Culture Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesName of Culture Arab is not a race, but is a group of individuals that are united by their culture and history (ADC, 2014). There are many different variations commonly based on a particular individual’s country of origin such as Arab Americans. Other variations are based on their social class, the level of their education, if they live urbanely or rurally, or the time they have spent in the United States (Lipson Dubble, 2007). Most Arabs also practice Islamic religion and are Muslim. WhenRead More Native American Boarding Schools During the Westward Expansion607 Words   |  3 PagesNative American Boarding Schools During the Westward Expansion People know about the conflict between the Indians cultures and the settlers cultures during the westward expansion. Many people know the fierce battles and melees between the Indians and the settlers that were born from this cultural conflict. In spite of this, many people may not know about the systematic and deliberate means employed by the U.S. government to permanently rid their new land of the Indians who had lived theirRead MoreFast Food Tv Advertising By Carrie Packwood Freeman And Debra Merskin984 Words   |  4 PagesConstruction of Masculinity in Fast-Food TV Advertising by Carrie Packwood Freeman and Debra Merskin demonstrates how media shape people’s opinion through a certain object or a food which reinforces masculine identity and values in America. In the article Freeman and Merskin trace the connection between a certain food being a meat and the masculinity of a man. In the article they show how meat-eating has been inherited from generation to generation wher e men are viewed as hunters and women as gatherersRead MoreNative Americans And The Native American Tribe973 Words   |  4 PagesDifferent Cultures The Europeans and the Native Americans arguably do not co-exist because different groups did not allow them to be their own tribes. The Europeans treated the Indians with as little respect as possible. The Indians were used to work including the women and children. The Christians changed how they were viewed by the Indians because they suffered from beatings and other tragedies among their tribes. The Native American tribes wanted peace within their groups although they were fightingRead MoreDifference Between American And Indian Cultures Essay1092 Words   |  5 PagesAs we know, all cultures have their differences. Cultural diversity is the quality of diverse or different cultures. I have chosen to discuss the difference between American and Indian cultures. Particularly, the culture surrounding pregnancy and birth. Thanks to globalization, there are Indians giving birth in America and Americans giving birth in India. It is important to recognize that people from different cultur es experience life in a variety of ways. These include different ways of lookingRead MoreBugs for Breakfast is a very interesting video on the nature and habits of the people and what they like to eat781 Words   |  4 PagesIt mainly features why people eat what they eat. This video has a lot to do with culture affecting the eating factors of what we eat. Culture is defined as the complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a given group or society. In this case it defines what people eat. In Bugs for Breakfast, the video explains that everyone needs to eat no matter what culture that you may live in. In Africa, Asia and Mexico it is not uncommon to find peopleRead MoreMany scholars have written about the particularly intimate connection between food and family1400 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween food and family prevalent in Italian-American culture. Herbert Gans interprets this to be a legacy of the traditional Southern Italian peasant culture that the immigrant generation successfully passed down to the younger generations in America. Thus, the connection is implied to be a â€Å"transplanted† cultural trait. However, when viewed in light of the social changes in America, this bond was inevitably affected by the Italians’ experiences in America. Italian-American food culture was aRead MoreA Book on The Sikh Militant in Somalia by Cynthia Mahmood Essay573 Words   |  3 Pageslabeled as a ‘humanitarian crisis.’ As always, the hegemon, which was the United States, stepped up to the plate and helped in providing food for the starving Somalis. Seeing starving c hildren drew Westerners to sympathize with these individuals and they blamed the inept Somali government for not doing enough to help its citizens. The intervention was meant to deliver food to the Somalia, but later that turned to ‘mission creep’, â€Å"the temptation commanders feel to chase success and perhaps glory aroundRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Golden Arches East By James L. Watson1380 Words   |  6 Pageswith various descriptions and words such as American food, hamburgers, french fries, and chicken nuggets. Others may assume that McDonald’s is only famous in the United States, but what they do not know is that McDonald’s expanded their success outside of its origin to over 100 countries around the world. In the novel, Golden Arches East, the author, James L. Watson, focused on the company’s expansion in East Asia and studied how the American culture and traditions of McDonald’s influenced the AsianRead MoreAppropriation Of C ulture And Its Effects On Foreign Countries938 Words   |  4 PagesAppropriation of culture Cultural is where a group of people develop common ideas, common ways of doing things and common interpretation of certain things. Culture has great influence on foreign countries. People often from other countries get attracted to cultural aspects of other countries. Culture has great influence on media, politics and people’s everyday life. I experienced a pop culture moment where a group of white women was wearing sari (a cloth that is draped around the woman s body; it

Master Harold and the Boys Critical Analysis - 1653 Words

Master Harold†¦ and the Boys Athol Fugard’s Master Harold†¦ and the Boys is an instant classic that does a superior job at encompassing the complex of racial hierarchies and interracial friendships that existed in South Africa in the mid-20th century. Set in 1950 the play follows the everyday lives of its two main protagonists: Hally, a white, seventeen year old male discontented with his schooling, and Sam, a middle-aged, black servant of Hally’s family. During this period the rigid racial structure of Apartheid remained dominant in the nation, institutionalizing the already understood separation of disenfranchised blacks and privileged whites. These de jur social classifications cannot however denounce the observable friendly†¦show more content†¦Eventually convinced of the impossibility and distracted by his school work, the thought nevertheless preoccupies our young protagonist’s mind, coloring each action and reaction throughout the rest of the play. The moment of engage ment is closely married to the introductory incident in this work as the audience’s intriguing moment is parallel to Hally’s emotional commitment to the idea of his father’s return. Unable to divorce his mind from this subtle inkling of helplessness, Hally’s tone sharpens considerably as he attempts to solidify his own authority through discourse with Sam coupled with sharp remarks. â€Å"Don’t try to be clever, Sam. It doesn’t suit you. Anybody who thinks there’s nothing wrong with this world needs to have his head examined.† (Jacobus, 1403). The major peripetie of the work occurs when Hally’s mother phones again to confirm his worse fear: his father is adamant about his return home. At this point all civil facades are dashed by Hally in a vain attempt to solidify his own importance though coupled with the genuine emotional struggle of a young boy at odds with his father. Searching for an outlet the rising action of the play takes a dramatic turn from a slight incline to a steep hill as Hally visibly changes gears from distraught and confused to violently offensive. â€Å"And I’m telling you you don’t! Nobody does. (Speaking carefully as his shame turns to rage at Sam.) It’s your turn to be careful, Sam. Very careful! You’re trading onShow MoreRelatedNaming : The Cornerstone Of Hero Identity Construction Essay1985 Words   |  8 Pagestransformational moments within the texts. Furthermore, the lack of attention on the way in which naming constructs the hero’s identity presents an avenue for further inquiry within both Suso and Niane’s versions of the epic. Through a literary analysis of Niane’s Sundiata and Suso’s Sunjata, I will demonstrate that the names bestowed upon Sundiata and Sunjata by their respective griots during transformational moments within the text sculpt each protagonist’s heroic identity. The heroic identityRead MoreAn Critical analysis of the poetic elements within the little-studied The Sun Rising by John Donne.1984 Words   |  8 PagesAnalysis of Literary Technique in John Donne s The Sun Rising John Donne, author of many works of literature, including The Sun Rising, is a master manipulator of literary techniques, which he uses to convey a powerful and profound message to the reader. Published in 1633 in Donne s book entitled _Poems_, The Sun Rising is a poem depicting two lovers disturbed from their bed by the rising sun. Donne s poem, The Sun Rising, is comparable to woven fabric, each literary element tightly wovenRead MoreViolation Of The Maxims Of Cooperative Principle7912 Words   |  32 PagesAims and Objectives of the Research Project 6) Data, Methodology and Techniques 7) Plan of Thesis I) Chapter – I (Introduction) II) Chapter – II (Theoretical Framework) III) Chapter – III (Analysis of the play Endgame) IV) Chapter – IV (Analysis of the play Waiting for Godot) V) Chapter – V (Analysis of the plays Happy Days ) VI) Chapter –VI (Conclusion and pedagogical implications) 8) Scope And Limitations of the Study 9) Significance of the Study 10) Conclusion CHAPTER - IRead MoreLearning Theory Behaviorism Essay example2973 Words   |  12 Pagesbehaviorists, Gordon Allport and B.F. Skinner; well known for their approaches in the study of behaviorism. GORDON ALLPORT ALLPORT’S EARLY YEARS Gordon Allport was born to Montezuma, Indiana, in 1897, the youngest of four brothers. A shy boy, he was teased and lived a fairly isolated childhood. (textbook 191) His father was a country doctor, and this meant that his father’s patients were always in the house. Everyone in his house worked hard. His early life seemed to be pleasant and uneventfulRead MoreThe Madwoman in the Attic4718 Words   |  19 Pagesfeminism into consideration. Nonetheless, I still find it useful in handling the relationship between women and language. In addition, with its multiple Asia-Pacific Science and Culture Journal, Vol. 1, No. 3 2 approaches including text analysis and psychoanalysis, the book greatly enables us to establish connections between it and other strands of criticism. One basic issue involved in the relationship between women and language is repression. Indeed, this is a centuries-old issue whichRead MoreHorace Gregory s Short ( But Perfectly Formed D. H. Lawrence : Pilgrim Of The Apocalypse10205 Words   |  41 Pagesdevelopment of masculinity and gender identity were influenced and how obstacles such as an over-possessive mother might impair these developments. Hence, his works on psychoanalysis were not written to be an acceptance of Freud’s doctrines but rather a critical approach to them. Gregory maintains the Lawrence’s essays on psychoanalysis ‘offered him the means of checking-back results of his convictions, and †¦ by this process he was enabled to unroll himself like a map and thus review (in the only way heRead MoreFemale Empowerment in Kate Chopins The Awaken ing7915 Words   |  32 Pagesawakening the theme of female empowerment can be depicted by using certain passages from Chopin’s novel. Beginning with a brief overview on French - Creole society of the 19th century in Louisiana and focusing on the role of women in this society. The analysis will also approach the understanding of female oriented literature by looking at theories of feminist criticism, concentrating on the patriarchal ideology. Chopin confronted the social conventions of her time by portraying a protagonist like EdnaRead MoreBeethoven’s Musical Reality Essay example3801 Words   |  16 Pagesviolin, Ludwig would play these castle tunes and he would get yelled at, â€Å"Scratch according to the notes!† (Schauffler). Young ‘Spangy’ gained a gift stimulated by his revolt from the parental demand to ‘scratch according to the notes.’ â€Å"When the boy became a man he even went so far in his revolt against visible notation that he would sometimes play the piano part of one of his own concertos from a few leaves sparsely scrawled over in a sort of private musical stenography† (Schauffler). This isRead MoreThe Life And Career Of Abraham Maslow3857 Words   |  16 PagesAs a result, unhappy and lonely were the words Maslow used to describe his early childhood. Because of these desperate measures, he was in the library where he submerged his head in books and spent much of his leisure time. â€Å"I was a little Jewish boy in the non-Jewish neighborhood. It was a little like being the first Negro enrolled in an all-white school. I was isolated and unhappy. I grew up in libraries and among books, without friends† (Hall, 1968, p. 37). Within his home, Maslow experiencedRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown: Characters4483 Words   |  18 Pageshad already acquired a somewhat skeptical look on life, full of dualities; and these mental and moral beliefs are revealed in the story (Johnson 35). Like his protagonist, Hawthorne is also struggling with his moral convictions (Donaldson 2133). Analysis of the Major Characters The characters in this story are generic, they belong to the category of â€Å"flat characters†, for they do not change in the course of the narrative, nor are they elaborated and characterized in an extensive way, but are built

Hiv Aids Essay Conclusion Example For Students

Hiv Aids Essay Conclusion AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeHIV and Aids affect more than roughly thirty million people worldwide. Race, sex and age have nothing to do with who can get this disease, however, the race with the highest number of infected people happens to be Caucasian males ages 25-44. About forty-five percent of the 641,000 AIDS cases in the U. S. have been white people. Blacks arent far behind with over 35 percent of cases, and Hispanics have about 20 percent of all cases. Asians have less than anyone does, with 1 percent. Of the estimated 30.6 million people worldwide living with this horrible, life-threatening disease in 1997, about 68 percent were living in sub-Saharan Africa. 22 percent of all cases were in Southern and Eastern Asia and the Pacific, 4 percent in Latin America, 5 Percent in North America and the Caribbean, and 2 percent in Europe and Central Asia. In 1994 and 1995 AIDS was the leading cause of death among Americans ages 25-44 years old. It was also the leading cause of death for men in the same age group and the third leading cause of death in women 25-44. Adult males are the leading sex to contract AIDS. They account for over 80 percent of all cases in the U.S. Adult women make up 15 percent and children make up the other 1- percent of the cases. (Encarta 99) People have been lead to believe so many fictional stories about the ways of contracting AIDS and HIV; its hard to know what to believe. The truth is, the main way of getting this disease is unprotected sex. Although condoms do work most of the time, they are not 100% effective. Abstinence is the only foolproof way of not being infected with this disease or one of the thousands of others. Besides sexual contact with a person carrying the AIDS virus or HIV, you can also be infected in many different ways. For example, although no one has actually contracts AIDS from contact with these things, HIV has been found in sweat, saliva and tears. People who are unsure about the AIDS status of their partner should actually be weary of kissing them. There has not yet been a case attributed to kissing, however, there is still a potential for contraction. For awhile now there have been rumors of transmission by insects that suck blood and bite humans. Studies have shown no evidence of this, but the rumors are still claiming it could happen.Scientists and researchers have preformed experiments after experiments because of the overwhelming concern. They all have proved there is no cause to fear insects such as mosquitoes, because in HIV carriers dont have constant high levels of HIV in their bloodstream. Another reason is that an insect mouth parts dont hold large enough amounts of blood to transmit the disease. Social Issues Essays

Cost of Capital at Ameritrade free essay sample

Cost of Capital at Ameritrade What factors should Ameritrade management consider when evaluating the proposed advertising program and technology upgrades? Why? Mr. Ricketts believes that his role as CEO is to maximize shareholder value by accepting any project whose expected return on investment is greater than the cost of capital. Therefore, the main factors that Ameritrade management should consider are the expected return on investment for the project, and how this compares to the project’s cost of capital.Other factors that should also be considered include: how market swings will affect the expected return on investment, the project’s payback period (the project will require massive initial outlays, so Ameritrade could find itself in financial trouble if results are not seen relatively quickly), the unique risk that would come along with being the only major player in their price range, the risks inherent in being the â€Å"first adopter† of new technology ( unforeseen technical problems, the possibility that price cuts in the near-future could allow competitors to obtain the same technology at a drastically reduced price, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Cost of Capital at Ameritrade or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page , the relative success of previous advertising campaigns, and the positive effects that an increase in market share could have on future projects. How can the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) be used to estimate the cost of capital for real (not financial) investment decision? The CAPM is an important measure when it comes to real investment decisions because it provides a basis of comparison for financial decisions. The return on a project must be greater than what the firm can earn by investing an equivalent amount of money in financial investments.What is the risk-free rate that should be used in calculating the cost of capital using the CAPM? Explain. The risk-free rate that should be used in calculating the cost of capital in the CAPM is 5. 24%, which is the current yield on a 3-month T-Bill. We chose this rate because it is the purest risk-free rate available. The longer-term Government bonds also merit consideration because they can more accurately match the maturity of projects. However, no information about the project’s time horizon, expected cash flows, or payback period is given.Therefore, we cannot accurately determine an appropriate maturity for this project. This partially nullifies the benefit of using any rate other than that of the 3-month T-Bill, since we can’t pick a rate that matches the project’s maturity if we do not know the project’s maturity. Although we are not provided with the project’s maturity, we are able to make certain inferences to arrive at an estimate. Since Mr. Rickett’s strategy involves such large initial capital outlays, Ameritrade could find itself in financial trouble if the project doesn’t yield significant cash flows relatively quickly. In addition, the rapidly changing nature of technology means that our â€Å"state of the art† technology might not be state of the art for very long. Based on these two facts, we believe that this will be a short-term project, and that it is therefore appropriate to use a short-term interest rate in order to match the project’s maturity. Since we cannot narrow down the maturity of the project any more than this, we believe that the best interest rate to use is the short-term rate that has the added benefit of being the most risk-free – the 5. 4% yield on a 3-month T-Bill. Another consideration is that the advent of the internet and technology based firms is relatively recent, so we want to reflect this in our cost of capital calculations. What is the estimate of risk-premium on the market that should be used in the CAPM? Explain. When choosing a risk-premium, our goal is to accurately reflect the return on the market. The market return of 14. 0% is the average annual return for large company stocks. Because Ameritrade is a large company, it will be best represented by this return.We are using the data from the years 1950-1996 because we believe this to be a more accurate predictor of equity returns than the averages from 1929-1996. This is because market conditions have become more stabilized as time has passed, so it is useful to exclude data from more volatile time periods. Specifically, we wish to exclude the effects of the Great Depression. Another option is to use data for small companies in order to match the high return and high risk nature of Ameritrade. Although Ameritrade’s investment may make it more risky than the average large company, the beta we have chosen already reflects that higher risk. Therefore, we have chosen to use the market return for large companies because it more accurately depicts an overall picture of the stock market and Ameritrade’s status as a large firm. After subtracting the chosen risk-free rate of 5. 24% from the average large company market return of 14. 0%, we estimated the market risk-premium to be 8. 76%. Ameritrade does not have a beta estimate as the firm has been publicly traded only for a short period at the time of the case. Exhibit 4 provides various choices of comparable firms. Which firms do you recommend as the appropriate benchmark for evaluating the risk of Ameritrade’s planned advertising and technology investments? Explain. Although technically Ameritrade is a discount brokerage, because their prices are so much lower than their competitors, their revenue depends on the volume of transfers more than anything else. Their system is very different from other discount brokerages who can earn a more significant margin on their trades.The idea of making money based on volume is much more comparable to internet sites like Yahoo and Netscape, who make their money through advertisers who pay them according to how much traffic their websites receive. Also, discount brokerages rarely make such large investments in technology, while internet firms must always keep technology current to maintain a competitive edge. Another similarity with the internet firms is Ameritrade’s lack of debt. For these reasons, we believe that the internet firms provide the best benchmark for determining Ameritrade’s beta.Because the risk is quite variable among the internet firms, we have decided to take an equally weighted average of all the equally weighted betas to determine an appropriate beta for Ameritrade. We decided to use the equally weighted numbers because we do not have the market caps for any of the tech companies, so we are not able to determine a value weighted beta. For consistency in our calculations, we also decided to use the equally weighted stock market indices in our regression analysis. Using regressions against the EW Indices provided to us in exhibit 6 we found the betas of the internet firms to be:Meckler- 1. 149 Netscape- 1. 402 Yahoo- 3. 162 We considered not including Yahoo in our beta calculations because it has such a high beta and only 16 months of returns, which may make it less reliable than firms for whom more information is available. We decided to include it because its high beta reflects the high-risk nature of this industry and our possible investment in this project. What is your estimate of the cost of capital for the Ameritrade’s planned investment? Provide all your assumptions.

A Functionalist View Of the Holocaust essays

A Functionalist View Of the Holocaust essays Adolf Hitler, the Chancellor of Germany (1933-45) has gone down in history as one of the most horrific mass-murderers in history. Not only did he cause the bloodiest war ever seen, but his warped racial ideology precipitated the Holocaust, the organized slaughter of over twelve million persons. At the top of his list of inferior groups were the Jews of Europe. Hitler sought to make the Reich Judenrein ( free of Jews), and did so in the most horrific fashion imaginable. There are two schools of thought on the origins of the Holocaust. The first is the intentionalist, the belief that it was the Nazis determined and unwavering attempt to physically destroy European Jews. The other is the functionalist belief, that being that the decision to slaughter the Jews was reached via a twisted road, being a result of forces outside of Germany as well as within. This paper will argue the functionalist view of the Holocaust, discussing different avenues pursued by the Germans to make their land Judenrein, and how the failure of those attempts led the Nazis to their horrific Endlsung ( Final Solution). Many people would be shocked to learn that Adolf Hitler was not always an anti-Semite. In his famous book Mein Kampf (My Struggle), which he wrote in prison in prison after the failed Beer Hall putsch of 1923. In this work, he remarks that The Jew still characterized for me by nothing but religion, and therefore on grounds of human tolerance I maintained my rejection of religious attacks. However, he did at some point, experience a complete about-face in his thinking, at one point discovering the moral stain that Jews put on society. Later in Mein Kampf he asked was there any form of filth or profligacy, particularly in cultural life, without at least one Jew involved in it? It is unknown exactly what caused Hitlers attitude of tolerance toward...

Christianity

In regards to the issues of Christianity, Human Nature, and Morality philosophers Fredrich Nietzsche and Thomas Hobbes express radical views that are completely in opposition to one another. Hobbes philosophy is dominated by loyalty to the crown, riddled with references to the Christian scriptures, and centered on a belief that life is nasty, brutish, and short. (Leviathan) Nietzsches philosophy is dominated by the pessimistic views of Arthur Schopenhauer and his belief that the human race is nothing more than a herd. Nietzsche believes that God is inert and thus the enemy of life. (Anti-Nature) Both Hobbes and Nietzsche look at the world in a completely different light. Hobbes was a Christian who defended the bible, while Nietzsche refers to Christianity as being a great curse, one of stupidity in fact. There is nothing we envy less than the moralistic cow and the fat happiness of the good conscience...peace of soul, the Christian desideratum. (Anti-Nature) On the topic of human nature Hobbes thought life to be the war of every man, against every man. (Leviathan) Nietzsche, on the other hand, took a nihilistic approach and declared that human nature is simply a euphemism for inertia, cultural conditioning, and what we are before we make something of ourselves. Hobbes views on morality were strictly biblical, straight out of Exodus. Nietzsche, however, held morality as an impediment to the development of a new and better civilization; after all how could a religion that believes in turning the other cheek proclaim any intelligence? If thy eye offend thee, pluck it out. (Anti-Nature) Nietzsche believed that modern Christian civilization is demented. It is a sickness that must be overcome. Hobbes, however, declared that God, when he speaks to any subject, he ought to be obeyed. (Leviathan) Throughout his life, Nietzsche held the belief...

Freedom of Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Freedom of Movement - Essay Example As Sergio Carrera (2005) suggests, "the right to move freely represents one of the fundamental freedoms of the internal market as well as an essential political element of the package of rights linked to the very status of EU citizenship." So the right to free movement is one of the foundations of the community, but there are "hidden and visible obstacles to the free movements of persons in Europe" (Carrera, 2005) that need to be considered. How many EU citizens has the free movement law enabled The last available statistics are for 1999, when the European Commission calculated that there were 2,700,000 EU Nationals (1.8% of the total workforce) working in a member state other than their own. (European, 2001) While not a massive number proportional to the total population, the migration of the workforce that these people represent are an essential part of the structure of a unified Europe. The whole question of the free movement of people within the EU is in fact part of a much broader question that has yet to be answered or even fully defined. Namely, is Europe heading towards a genuine federal unity or merely a patchwork of relationships between countries that have very close ties but which are still quite clearly separate sovereign states The basic question is, will there be a United States of Europe Until Europeans decide upon how this question needs to be framed, and in what way it will be answered, matters such as the free movement of persons will always be subject to this often unspoken but overwhelming dilemma: what is Europe As Craig and de Burca put it, "despite all the discussion in recent years of a finalite politique, this active, reflexive and constantly changing polity seems unlikely to reach a firm settlement in the near future." (Craig, 2003) This discussion will be divided into two basic sections. First the movement of EU citizens, and second, the movement of non-EU citizens throughout the community. Together with these two sections, the events of 9/11/2001 and the subsequent tightening of security throughout Europe brought about a division between "pre" and "post" 9/11. While the full connotations of the post 9/11 security measures have yet to be fulfilled, it does represent a watershed in law regarding movement. First, movement of EU citizens in the context of the Treaty and subsequent case-law. In 1997 the draft Treaty of Amsterdam was published, and it Article B gave impetus to "the abolition of internal borders between the Member States and the regulation of admission of persons through external borders." (Amsterdam, 1997) While three member states (UK, Ireland and Denmark) opted out of this provision, the European Court of Justice was given jurisdiction to interpret measures that were brought in by the European Parliament, "though with a more limited jurisdiction than in any other field of community law." (Guild, 1998) After the Treaty of Rome and subsequent Treaties that drew European countries into union, the concept of the free Movement of Persons was based upon economic policy. If there was to be free movement of trade then people needed to be included within the equation. As Jeffrey (2004) puts it, "in this context human beings were treated as being simply another economic factor within the new European market: persons were given a right to move freely within that market, but so were investments, professional services, machine tools, and cheeses."